Layer2

Layer 2 protocols are secondary frameworks built on top of Layer 1 blockchains to enhance scalability and reduce transaction costs. By utilizing technologies like Optimistic Rollups and ZK-Rollups, L2s like Arbitrum, Optimism, and Base process transactions off-chain before finalizing them on the mainnet. Following the 2026 Ethereum upgrades, L2s have become the primary execution layer for retail users. Stay updated on interoperability, fractal scaling, and the reduction of gas fees across the modular Ethereum roadmap.

214 Articles
Created: 2026/02/02 18:52
Updated: 2026/02/02 18:52
Why 85% of People Reuse Passwords Against Expert Advice

Why 85% of People Reuse Passwords Against Expert Advice

The average person manages 255 passwords in 2025. That's up 70% from 2020. Human working memory can hold about 7 items. 85% of people reuse passwords.

Author: Hackernoon
The crypto market generally fell, with BTC falling below $113,000, while only the AI sector rose

The crypto market generally fell, with BTC falling below $113,000, while only the AI sector rose

PANews reported on October 15th that according to SoSoValue data, all sectors of the crypto market declined. Bitcoin (BTC) fell 1.10%, falling below $113,000. Meanwhile, Ethereum (ETH) plummeted 2.08%, falling below $4,200. Only the AI sector saw a slight increase of 0.46%. Within the sector, ChainOpera AI (COAI) surged 26.56%, and Bittensor (TAO) rose 1.16%. In other sectors, the PayFi sector fell 2.63% in 24 hours. Within the sector, Monero (XMR) and Telcoin (TEL) rose 2.77% and 5.10% respectively; the DeFi sector fell 2.99%, of which PancakeSwap (CAKE) fell 4.99%; the Meme sector fell 3.39%, but 4 rose against the trend by 24.88%; the Layer2 sector fell 3.67%, and Zora (ZORA) was relatively strong, rising 10.47%; the Layer1 sector fell 3.89%, and Zcash (ZEC) rose 2.56%; the CeFi sector fell 5.08%, and Aster (ASTER) climbed 3.89% during the session.

Author: PANews
Bitcoin Hyper Could Be the Next Big Layer-2 as It Raises $23.4M in Presale

Bitcoin Hyper Could Be the Next Big Layer-2 as It Raises $23.4M in Presale

Bitcoin may rule the crypto world but it still moves like it’s stuck in 2013.

Author: Brave Newcoin
2025’s Best Crypto Presale Accelerates with $274K Whale Buy – Bitcoin Hyper Amps Up

2025’s Best Crypto Presale Accelerates with $274K Whale Buy – Bitcoin Hyper Amps Up

Bitcoin is performing beyond expectations and it’s causing the rest of the crypto market to follow. While there was a lull in $BTC’s performance back in September, it was just the calm before the storm – now it’s hit a new all-time high of $126K and looks set to climb even higher.

Author: Brave Newcoin
CBDCs + Open Credit: A Three-Layer Model for Privacy, Inclusion, and Audit

CBDCs + Open Credit: A Three-Layer Model for Privacy, Inclusion, and Audit

By separating settlement, credit, and privacy layers, this architectural model for CBDCs aims to prevent surveillance while enabling financial access.

Author: Hackernoon
Lisk Launches $15 Million Venture Capital Fund, Lisk EMpower Fund

Lisk Launches $15 Million Venture Capital Fund, Lisk EMpower Fund

PANews reported on October 3rd that according to PRNewswire, Ethereum Layer2 network Lisk announced the launch of a $15 million venture capital fund, Lisk EMpower Fund, which will focus on investing in Web3 startups, with a focus on infrastructure and applications that solve practical problems in payments, remittances, identity and supply chains in emerging markets.

Author: PANews
Vitalik Buterin and Dr. Xiao Feng jointly launched the Ethereum Applications Group (EAG), inviting global Ethereum builders to jointly build a new paradigm of collaboration.

Vitalik Buterin and Dr. Xiao Feng jointly launched the Ethereum Applications Group (EAG), inviting global Ethereum builders to jointly build a new paradigm of collaboration.

Singapore, October 2, 2025 — During the globally anticipated Token2049 Summit, HashKey Group Chairman and CEO Dr. Xiao Feng and Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin jointly launched the Ethereum Applications Guild (EAG) initiative. The initiative aims to bring together developers, researchers, teams and institutions in the Ethereum ecosystem to jointly build an open, transparent and sustainable collaboration mechanism, accelerate the development and implementation of native applications, and promote the Ethereum ecosystem from an "infrastructure-led" to an "application-driven" stage. Starting point: Exploration of Shanhaiwu, the prototype of EAG This initiative builds on the three-year residency experience of "Shanhaiwu." As a native collaborative space launched and supported by Dr. Xiao Feng in 2023, Shanhaiwu has previously established locations in Beida Lake, China; Chiang Mai, Thailand; and Singapore, bringing together global developers to collaborate on AI, cryptography, public blockchain ecosystems, and public goods. Through three years of experience and accumulation at Shanhaiwu, participants have come to a profound understanding: the Ethereum ecosystem isn't lacking in technology or imagination; what's truly lacking is a sustainable, structured co-construction mechanism. Public goods and community support funds remain limited, and large-scale, real-world applications remain elusive. The EAG concept, grounded in Shanhaiwu's exploration, accumulation, and problem-solving, aims to fundamentally address the ecosystem's structural needs in application deployment, public goods support, and cross-sector collaboration. Vision: Build a collaborative mechanism to accelerate the implementation of real-world applications EAG is not a traditional foundation or accelerator, but rather an open initiative exploring the construction of a global collaborative network for Ethereum-native applications. Using Shanhaiwu as its primary application incubation site, it encourages developers to build, validate, and advance solutions to real-world problems. This initiative, rather than an organizational entity, proposes a mechanism to establish a new generation of collaborative paradigms for Ethereum ecosystem builders. Appeal: From East to West, call on global builders of the Ethereum ecosystem to build together At the initiative launch site, Dr. Xiao Feng said: The launch of the EAG initiative symbolizes the critical moment when the Ethereum application layer "breaks out of its shell"; the establishment of such an alliance is to unite the forces of all parties to welcome the arrival of the "1995 moment" of Ethereum and even the blockchain world - a new era of application explosion. HashKey will continue to invest in building the Ethereum ecosystem as always, and welcomes more native applications to grow and develop on HashKey Chain L2 to jointly enrich the application layer of Ethereum. Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin was in attendance and co-launched the initiative. In a speech at Shanhaiwu Singapore the previous day, Vitalik expressed his hope that more long-term community builders like Shanhaiwu, especially at the application layer, would choose Ethereum as their foundational infrastructure and work together to drive the ecosystem towards practical implementation. An invitation to the global Ethereum ecosystem Currently, the EAG initiative is in the early consensus stage. The alliance sincerely invites ETH treasury companies, technology companies, Layer2 teams, developer communities, protocol organizations and research institutions from around the world to join, aggregate multiple stakeholders, and jointly build a new paradigm for Ethereum applications driven by bottom-up, real collaboration, and push the Ethereum ecosystem from the infrastructure era into the golden stage of real influence. Invitation to join: contact@shanhaiwoo.com

Author: PANews
Starknet Launches Bitcoin Staking And STRK Fund

Starknet Launches Bitcoin Staking And STRK Fund

Layer2 network Starknet has announced several new initiatives, including Bitcoin staking and a 100 million STRK incentive program. Other initiatives include an institutional-grade BTC yield product.

Author: Cryptodaily
Coinbase Defends Base Network From Exchange Label Amid Token Exploration

Coinbase Defends Base Network From Exchange Label Amid Token Exploration

        Highlights:  Coinbase has defended Base network, as Paul Grewal says sequencers process transactions but do not match trades. Base is exploring a token launch and aims to add a Solana bridge to boost decentralization. Base has secured 4.83 billion TVL with stablecoin liquidity as it strengthens its position in the DeFi market.  Coinbase’s chief legal officer, Paul Grewal, dismissed claims that its Ethereum Layer-2 network, Base, should be labeled an exchange. Speaking in an interview, Grewal explained that Base functions as blockchain infrastructure, not a marketplace for securities trading. He stressed that transaction matching happens inside applications, including automated market makers or centralized order book protocols, not on the Layer-2 level itself.  Should @base be regulated like the Nasdaq exchange? Here's what @coinbase CLO @iampaulgrewal has to say: “Base is just a normal blockchain… Yes it’s a layer2. But that doesn’t change its relationship to securities laws.” “We are not matching buyers and sellers of securities…… pic.twitter.com/Cd4M8kizTZ — Bankless (@BanklessHQ) September 26, 2025  The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission defines an exchange as a system that brings buyers and sellers together. This raised questions about whether sequencers, which order transactions, could fall into that category. Commissioner Hester Peirce warned that centralized sequencers might resemble matching engines and attract legal oversight. Grewal argued that this interpretation creates confusion. He compared sequencers to cloud service providers, which run code but are not responsible for the activities built on top. Ripple’s David Schwartz supported that position, while Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin praised Base for combining centralized sequencing with decentralized Ethereum security.  Base is doing things the right way: an L2 on top of Ethereum, that uses its centralized features to provide stronger UX features, while still being tied into Ethereum's decentralized base layer for security. Base does not have custody over your funds, they cannot steal funds or… https://t.co/0EMdThg4gU — vitalik.eth (@VitalikButerin) September 22, 2025  Grewal cautioned that treating sequencers as exchanges could impose heavy compliance demands. He said such restrictions would harm innovation and slow the development of Ethereum’s scaling ecosystem. Coinbase Defends Base Network While Exploring Token Plans Coinbase used its BaseCamp 2025 event in Vermont to outline new directions for the Base network. Jesse Pollak, who leads the project, revealed that the team is now exploring the launch of a native token. This represented a shift from earlier statements that ruled out any token for Base. Meanwhile, Coinbase recently launched a $5 million security program that is set to focus on its on-chain products and the smart contracts of the Base network. Pollak clarified that no decision has been reached on token design, governance, or launch timing. However, he said that the exploration aligns with efforts to expand decentralization and support more opportunities for developers and creators. The remarks followed the recent token release by Consensys’ Linea network, which distributed more than nine billion LINEA tokens. At the same event, Base announced a new bridge with Solana. The bridge will facilitate interoperability between ERC-20 and SPL tokens and allow more flexibility to users. Pollak termed these steps as crucial to developing more adoption and creating more avenues of cooperation among ecosystems. Grewal emphasized that the Base Network operates as infrastructure. He said compliance burdens should fall on applications, not on the Layer-2 itself. He added that mislabeling sequencers only spreads confusion and slows adoption. Base Strengthens Its DeFi Position Base continues to gain traction in decentralized finance. The network has a total value locked of $4.83 billion in over 700 protocols. Liquidity is also high, and $4.4 billion of stablecoins are circulating on the network. These assets allow lending, trading, and other DeFi activity. Source: DefiLlama Ethereum remains dominant in the industry with a locked value of $86.3 billion. Solana comes behind, with Base gaining an increasing market share despite its smaller size. The gradual increase emphasizes the significance of the Coinbase user base and infrastructure. Base has positioned itself as a major player in the growth of the market. Its development demonstrates the ability of Layer-2 networks to compete and overcome innovation objectives as well as legal challenges.    eToro Platform    Best Crypto Exchange   Over 90 top cryptos to trade Regulated by top-tier entities User-friendly trading app 30+ million users    9.9   Visit eToro eToro is a multi-asset investment platform. The value of your investments may go up or down. Your capital is at risk. Don’t invest unless you’re prepared to lose all the money you invest. This is a high-risk investment, and you should not expect to be protected if something goes wrong. 

Author: Coinstats
The crypto sector fell across the board today, with BTC falling below $110,000

The crypto sector fell across the board today, with BTC falling below $110,000

PANews reported on September 26th that according to SoSoValue data, the crypto market saw a broad decline today, impacted by a significant upward revision of US Q2 GDP to 3.8% and diminished expectations of interest rate cuts. Bitcoin (BTC) fell 2.63% in the 24-hour period, falling below $110,000, while Ethereum (ETH) dropped 3.72% to around $3,800. DeFi led the decline, with Aster (ASTER) plummeting 21.05%. Layer2 fell 3.51%, with Linea (LINEA) down 6.99%. PayFi fell 4.06%, with XRP down 4.83%. CeFi fell 4.37%, but OKB bucked the trend with a 5.72% gain. Meme fell 4.69%, with MemeCore (M) down 6.94%. Layer1 fell 4.69%, with Avalanche (AVAX) plummeting 11.61%.

Author: PANews